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In Order to Read a Qr (Quick Response) Code Using a Smartphone, One Must Have the _____ App.

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Type of matrix barcode

A QR code (an initialism for quick response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or ii-dimensional barcode)[ane] [2] invented in 1994 by the Japanese automotive visitor Denso Wave.[three] [4] A barcode is a car-readable optical label that can incorporate information about the particular to which it is attached. In do, QR codes often comprise data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application. A QR code uses iv standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may likewise be used.[5]

The Quick Response system became popular outside the automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.[6]

A QR code consists of black squares bundled in a foursquare filigree on a white groundwork, which tin exist read by an imaging device such equally a camera, and processed using Reed–Solomon mistake correction until the image tin be appropriately interpreted. The required data is and then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.[half-dozen]

History [edit]

The QR lawmaking system was invented in 1994 by Masahiro Hara from the Japanese visitor Denso Wave.[vii] The initial design was influenced by the blackness and white pieces on a Go board.[8] Its purpose was to runway vehicles during manufacturing; it was designed to permit loftier-speed component scanning.[9]

Adoption [edit]

QR codes are at present used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile-phone users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open a webpage on the user's device, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), to connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text message. There are a great many QR code generators available equally software or as online tools that are either complimentary, or require a paid subscription.[10] The QR code has become ane of the nigh-used types of ii-dimensional code.[11]

During the month of June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 1000000 users were men between the ages of xviii and 34.[12]

A September 2020 survey found that 18.8 pct of consumers in the Us and United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase of QR code use since the begin of COVID-xix related shelter-in-place orders in March 2020.[13]

Standards [edit]

Structure of a QR code (version 7), highlighting functional elements.

There are several standards that cover the encoding of information every bit QR codes:[fourteen]

  • October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automated Identification and Mobility) International[15]
  • January 1999 – JIS Ten 0510
  • June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification and information capture techniques – Bar lawmaking symbology – QR code (at present withdrawn)
    Defines QR code models 1 and ii symbols.
  • 1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automated identification and information capture techniques – QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)[16]
    Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR lawmaking model ii. Does not specify how to read QR code model ane symbols, or require this for compliance.
  • 1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automated identification and data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
    Renames the QR Lawmaking 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections.

At the application layer, in that location is some variation between well-nigh of the implementations. Japan'south NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact data, and several other information types.[17] The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list of QR code data types.[18]

Uses [edit]

A QR code used on a large billboard in Nippon, linking to the sagasou.mobi website.

QR codes accept go mutual in consumer advertizing. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the lawmaking and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type information technology into a web browser). QR lawmaking has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a mode to access a make'due south website more quickly than by manually inbound a URL.[19] [20] Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion charge per unit: the chance that contact with the advert will convert to a sale. Information technology coaxes interested prospects further downwardly the conversion funnel with fiddling filibuster or effort, bringing the viewer to the advertiser'south website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose the viewer's interest.

Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing and in-store product labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and pct discount can be captured using a QR code decoder which is a mobile app, or storing a company's information such every bit accost and related information alongside its blastoff-numeric text data equally can be seen in Yellow Pages directories.

They can besides exist used in storing personal information for use by organizations. An case of this is Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances at present come with a QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an electronic mail or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and impress their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting 1 of several pay or free QR lawmaking-generating sites or apps. Google had an API, now deprecated, to generate QR codes,[21] and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.[22]

QR codes have been used and printed on railroad train tickets in China since 2010.[23]

QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business concern cards, or on almost whatsoever object about which users might want information. Users with a camera phone equipped with the correct reader awarding can browse the image of the QR code to display text, contact data, connect to a wireless network, or open up a web page in the telephone'due south browser. This act of linking from physical earth objects is termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes as well may be linked to a location to track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code itself is associated with a location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information virtually the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.[24] Psychologist Richard Wiseman was one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There (2011).[25] [ failed verification ]

QR codes accept been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's start official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its electric current building and bounds. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and originally linked to a special website with contents about the historical upshot and design of the coin.[26] In 2014, the Central Banking company of Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a QR code in its design. When scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the lawmaking goes to a website which tells the centenary story of Nigeria.[27] In 2015, the Cardinal Depository financial institution of the Russian Federation issued a 100-rubles note to commemorate the annexation of Crimea past the Russia. It contains a QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a five-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of Primal Banking in Ghana, and contains a QR lawmaking in its design, which when scanned with an cyberspace-enabled mobile device, that code goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.

Credit card functionality is nether development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched the eponymously named Republic of india QR, a common QR code jointly developed by all the iv major menu payment companies - National Payments Corporation of India that runs RuPay cards along with MasterCard, Visa and American Express. It will also take the adequacy of accepting payments on the unified payments interface (UPI) platform.[28] [29]

Augmented reality [edit]

QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects in three-dimensional infinite.[9]

Displaying multimedia contents [edit]

Multimedia QR codes are also used to direct users to specific multimedia contents (such as video, audio, images, documents, etc.).

Mobile operating systems [edit]

QR codes tin be used on various mobile device operating systems. iPhones running on iOS eleven and college[30] and some Android devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app.[31] The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code (merely on iPhone) along with the link (both on Android and iPhone). These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to transport metadata to existing applications on the device. Many paid or gratuitous apps are bachelor with the ability to browse the codes and difficult-link to an external URL.

Virtual stores [edit]

QR codes accept been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of production information and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.yard. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This utilise started in South Korea,[32] and Argentina,[33] but is currently expanding globally.[34] Walmart, Procter & Take a chance and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.[35]

QR code payment [edit]

QR codes tin can exist used to store banking company account data or credit card data, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. In that location are several trial applications of QR code payments across the globe.[36] [37] In developing countries similar China,[38] [39] Republic of india[xl] and Bangladesh QR code payment is a very pop and convenient method of making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011,[41] mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment.[42]

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an open up format for payment data exchange — a Short Payment Descriptor — was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Cyberbanking Association as the official local solution for QR payments.[43] [44] In 2013, the European Payment Council provided guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation inside the Eurozone.

Website login [edit]

QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login folio on a calculator screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically exist logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone which contacts the server. Google tested such a login method in January 2012.[45]

Eatery ordering [edit]

Fast serve restaurants can present a QR code nearly the front door assuasive guests to view an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order or potentially pay for their meal without having to stand in line or use a cashier. QR codes can as well link to daily or weekly specials that are non printed on the standardized menus.[46] At tabular array serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to gild their meals without a waiter involved—the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the nutrient.[47] [48] This application has grown especially since the demand for social distancing during the 2020 COVID-xix pandemic has prompted reduced contact between service staff and customers.[47]

Joining a Wi‑Fi network [edit]

A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network.

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can apace scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.[49] A MECARD-similar format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.[50]

  • Common format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<Countersign>;H:<true|false|blank>;;
  • Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;

Funerary utilize [edit]

A QR code which links to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone.

A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign, where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased.[51] [52] [53] Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into tombstones.[54] In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR codes for tombstones.[55]

Electronic authentication [edit]

QR codes are also used to generate time-based one-fourth dimension passwords (TOTP) for electronic authentication.

Video games [edit]

Popular video games, such as Fez, The Talos Principle, and Watch Dogs, have incorporated QR codes as story and gameplay elements.[56] [57] Amidst Us has a QR code easter egg in the "Browse boarding pass" task in the Mira HQ and Polus map. Mobile games such as Munzee utilise geolocation in combination with QR codes to create a game that is played in the existent earth by scanning QR stickers in concrete locations.[58]

Loyalty programs [edit]

QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that take loyalty programs. Sometimes these programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process triggered by a QR lawmaking browse. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to exist plant printed on the receipt for a buy or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect award points by scanning a code.

Counterfeit detection [edit]

Serialised QR codes have been used by brands[59] and governments[60] to let consumers, retailers and distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting apocryphal products, as function of a make protection program.[61] However, the security level of a regular QR Code is limited since QR Codes printed on original products are hands reproduced on fake products, fifty-fifty though the assay of data generated as a result of QR Code scanning tin can be used to discover counterfeiting and illicit activity.[62] A higher security level can be attained by embedding a digital watermark or copy detection design into the epitome of the QR Lawmaking. This makes the QR Code more secure against counterfeiting attempts, and fake products which contain a counterfeit QR Code can be detected past scanning the secure QR Code with a specific app (even though the QR Code message itself is valid).[63]

The treaty regulating apostilles (documents bearing a seal of actuality), has been updated to permit for the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a cryptographic signature containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.

Product tracing [edit]

Different studies take been fabricated to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of conveying labelling information and their apply as role of a nutrient traceability system. In,[64] it was institute that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR Code scanning app, 52.six% of participants would apply information technology to admission labelling information. A study fabricated in South korea showed that consumers appreciate QR lawmaking used in nutrient traceability system, as they provide detailed information nigh nutrient, as well as information that helps them in their purchasing conclusion.[65] If QR Codes are serialised, consumers tin admission a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have about the origin of their nutrient.[66]

COVID-19 pandemic [edit]

After the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless" system to display information, prove menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the tabular array, which opened an online version of the card. This prevented the demand to dispose of single-use paper menus, or constitute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus later on each apply.[67] Local television stations take also begun to utilise codes on local newscasts to allow viewers quicker admission to stories or information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.

In several Australian states, patrons are required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets and other service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and New Zealand employ similar systems.[68]

QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such every bit Canada, and the Eu (Eu Digital COVID document) where they tin exist scanned to verify the data on the certificate. [69]

Blueprint [edit]

Dissimilar the older, ane-dimensional barcodes that were designed to exist mechanically scanned past a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a ii-dimensional digital image sensor and and so digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the 3 distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are and so converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.

Storage [edit]

The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the datatype (way, or input character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. four × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version forty and error correction level L (low), denoted by 40-L:[11] [70]

Maximum character storage capacity (40-L)
grapheme refers to individual values of the input way/datatype
Input mode Max. characters Bits/char. Possible characters, default encoding
Numeric only 7,089 3 ane⁄three 0, 1, 2, iii, 4, 5, six, vii, 8, 9
Alphanumeric 4,296 5 1⁄2 0–9, A–Z (upper-case just), space, $, %, *, +, -, ., /, :
Binary/byte two,953 viii ISO 8859-1
Kanji/kana 1,817 13 Shift JIS Ten 0208

Here are some sample QR lawmaking symbols:

  • Version one (21×21). Content: "Ver1"

  • Version 2 (25×25). Content: "Version 2"

  • Version 3 (29×29). Content: "Version iii QR Code"

  • Version 4 (33×33). Content: "Version 4 QR Lawmaking, upwards to 50 char"

  • Version 10 (57×57). Content: "VERSION 10 QR CODE, UP TO 174 CHAR AT H LEVEL, WITH 57X57 MODULES AND Enough OF Error CORRECTION TO GO Effectually. Notation THAT In that location ARE ADDITIONAL TRACKING BOXES" (really encoded in all capital letter letters). ("Tracking boxes" are more than commonly chosen alignment patterns.)

  • Version 25 (117×117) Content: 1,269 characters of ASCII text describing QR Codes

  • Version 40 (177×177)

Mistake correction [edit]

Instance of a QR code with artistic embellishment that will nevertheless browse correctly thanks to mistake correction

QR codes employ Reed–Solomon fault correction over the finite field F 256 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{256}} , the elements of which are encoded every bit bytes of 8 bits; the byte b 7 b half-dozen b 5 b iv b 3 b 2 b 1 b 0 {\displaystyle b_{7}b_{six}b_{5}b_{4}b_{3}b_{2}b_{i}b_{0}} with a standard numerical value ∑ i = 0 7 b i 2 i {\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{vii}b_{i}2^{i}} encodes the field element ∑ i = 0 7 b i α i {\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{vii}b_{i}\alpha ^{i}} where α ∈ F 256 {\displaystyle \alpha \in \mathbb {F} _{256}} is taken to be a primitive element satisfying α 8 + α 4 + α 3 + α 2 + 1 = 0 {\displaystyle \alpha ^{8}+\alpha ^{iv}+\alpha ^{3}+\alpha ^{2}+1=0} . The Reed–Solomon code uses one of 37 different polynomials over F 256 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{256}} , with degrees ranging from seven to 68, depending on how many fault correction bytes the code adds. Information technology is implied past the class of Reed–Solomon used (systematic BCH view) that these polynomials are all on the grade ∏ i = 0 northward − one ( x − α i ) {\textstyle \prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(x-\alpha ^{i})} , even so the rules for selecting the degree due north {\displaystyle north} are specific to the QR standard.

When discussing the Reed–Solomon lawmaking phase there is some risk for confusion, in that the QR ISO standard uses the term codeword for the elements of F 256 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{256}} , which with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are symbols, whereas information technology uses the term block for what with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are the codewords. The number of data versus error correction bytes inside each block depends on (i) the version (side length) of the QR symbol and (ii) the error correction level, of which there are four. The college the error correction level, the less storage chapters. The following table lists the gauge mistake correction capability at each of the four levels:

Level L (Depression) seven% of data bytes can be restored.
Level Grand (Medium) 15% of data bytes can exist restored.
Level Q (Quartile)[71] 25% of information bytes can exist restored.
Level H (High) 30% of data bytes can be restored.

In larger QR symbols, the bulletin is broken up into several Reed–Solomon lawmaking blocks. The block size is chosen so that no attempt is made at correcting more than fifteen errors per block; this limits the complication of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved together, making it less likely that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the capacity of any single block.

Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes that still scan correctly, only incorporate intentional errors to brand them more readable or attractive to the human eye, likewise as to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR lawmaking cake.[72] [73]

It is also possible to design creative QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs.[74] [75] Image processing algorithms are also used to reduce errors in QR-code.[76]

Encoding [edit]

The format data records two things: the error correction level and the mask blueprint used for the symbol. Masking is used to suspension up patterns in the data area that might misfile a scanner, such as large blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks. The mask patterns are defined on a grid that is repeated every bit necessary to embrace the whole symbol. Modules corresponding to the night areas of the mask are inverted. The format information is protected from errors with a BCH code, and two complete copies are included in each QR symbol.[half-dozen]

The bulletin dataset is placed from right to left in a zigzag pattern, equally shown beneath. In larger symbols, this is complicated by the presence of the alignment patterns and the apply of multiple interleaved fault-correction blocks.

  • Meaning of format data. In the in a higher place effigy, the format data is protected by a (15,five) BCH code, which can correct up to iii bit errors. The total length of the lawmaking is fifteen $.25, of which 5 are information $.25 (2 EC level + 3 mask pattern) and 10 are actress bits for error correction. The format mask for these 15 bits is: [101011001010101]. Note that we map the masked values straight to its meaning here.

  • Bulletin placement within a QR symbol. The message is encoded using a (255,249) Reed Solomon code (shortened to (24,18) code by using "padding") which can correct upwardly to three byte errors.

  • Larger symbol illustrating interleaved blocks. The message has 26 data bytes and is encoded using ii Reed-Solomon code blocks. Each block is a (255,233) Reed Solomon code (shortened to (35,13) code), which can correct up to 11 byte errors in a single flare-up, containing 13 data bytes and 22 "parity" bytes appended to the data bytes. The two 35-byte Reed-Solomon code blocks are interleaved so information technology can correct upward to 22 byte errors in a single burst (resulting in a total of 70 code bytes). The symbol achieves level H fault correction.

The general structure of a QR encoding is as a sequence of 4 bit indicators with payload length dependent on the indicator mode (east.g. byte encoding payload length is dependent on the first byte).[77]

Mode indicator Description Typical structure '[ blazon : sizes in bits ]'
0001 Numeric [0001 : 4] [ Grapheme Count Indicator : variable ] [ Information Bit Stream : 3 ane⁄3 × charcount ]
0010 Alphanumeric [0010 : iv] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Information Chip Stream : v 1⁄two × charcount ]
0100 Byte encoding [0100 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Scrap Stream : 8 × charcount ]
1000 Kanji encoding [1000 : four] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Scrap Stream : thirteen × charcount ]
0011 Structured append [0011 : 4] [ Symbol Position : 4 ] [ Total Symbols: four ] [ Parity : eight ]
0111 ECI [0111 : 4] [ ECI Assignment number : variable ]
0101 FNC1 in starting time position [0101 : iv] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji payload : variable ]
1001 FNC1 in second position [1001 : four] [ Awarding Indicator : 8 ] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji payload : variable ]
0000 End of message [0000 : four]

Annotation:
  • Character Count Indicator depends on how many modules are in a QR code (Symbol Version).
  • ECI Assignment number Size:
    • 8 × 1 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '0'
    • 8 × 2 $.25 if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with 'x'
    • 8 × 3 $.25 if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '110'

4-scrap indicators are used to select the encoding mode and convey other data.

Encoding modes
Indicator Pregnant
0001 Numeric encoding (10 bits per three digits)
0010 Alphanumeric encoding (11 $.25 per 2 characters)
0100 Byte encoding (viii $.25 per character)
1000 Kanji encoding (xiii bits per graphic symbol)
0011 Structured suspend (used to split a message across multiple QR symbols)
0111 Extended Channel Interpretation (select alternate character set or encoding)
0101 FNC1 in first position (see Code 128 for more information)
1001 FNC1 in second position
0000 End of message (Terminator)

Encoding modes tin can be mixed every bit needed within a QR symbol. (e.1000., a url with a long string of alphanumeric characters ) 

            [ Mode Indicator][ Manner bitstream ] --> [ Mode Indicator][ Mode bitstream ] --> etc... --> [ 0000 Cease of message (Terminator) ]

After every indicator that selects an encoding way is a length field that tells how many characters are encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the symbol version.

Number of bits in a length field (Graphic symbol Count Indicator)
Encoding Ver. 1–9 10–26 27–40
Numeric ten 12 fourteen
Alphanumeric 9 11 13
Byte 8 16 sixteen
Kanji 8 10 12

Alphanumeric encoding mode stores a bulletin more compactly than the byte style can, merely cannot store lower-case letters and has just a limited option of punctuation marks, which are sufficient for rudimentary spider web addresses. Ii characters are coded in an 11-bit value by this formula:

Five = 45 × Cane + Ctwo

This has the exception that the last graphic symbol in an alphanumeric string with an odd length is read as a 6-bit value instead.

Alphanumeric character codes
Code Character Lawmaking Character Code Graphic symbol Code Character Code Character
00 0 09 nine 18 I 27 R 36 Space
01 1 10 A nineteen J 28 Southward 37 $
02 two 11 B 20 K 29 T 38 %
03 three 12 C 21 L 30 U 39 *
04 4 thirteen D 22 Thousand 31 V 40 +
05 5 14 Due east 23 N 32 W 41 –
06 vi fifteen F 24 O 33 10 42 .
07 7 xvi G 25 P 34 Y 43 /
08 8 17 H 26 Q 35 Z 44 :

Decoding example [edit]

The following images offer more information about the QR code.

  • 1 – Introduction

  • 2 – Structure

  • 3 – Layout & Encoding

  • 4 – Levels & Masks

  • 5 – Protocols

Variants [edit]

Model 1 [edit]

Model one QR code is an older version of the specification. Information technology is visually similar to the widely seen model 2 codes, but lacks alignment patterns. Differences are in the lesser right corner, and in the midsections of the bottom and right edges are additional functional regions.

  • Model one QR lawmaking example

  • Model i QR lawmaking functional regions

Micro QR code [edit]

Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR lawmaking standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are four dissimilar versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can concur 35 numeric characters.[78]

  • Micro QR code example

  • Micro QR lawmaking functional regions

IQR code [edit]

IQR Code is an alternative to existing QR codes developed by Denso Moving ridge. IQR codes tin exist created in foursquare or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a rectangular barcode would otherwise be more than appropriate, such as cylindrical objects. IQR codes can fit the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square IQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9x9 modules; rectangles take a minimum of 19x5 modules. IQR codes add mistake correction level S, which allows for 50% error correction.[79] IQR Codes accept not still been given an ISO specification, and only proprietary Denso Wave products can create or read IQR codes.[80]

Secure QR code [edit]

Secure Quick Response (SQR) code is a QR code that contains a "individual information" segment subsequently the terminator instead of the specified filler bytes "ec xi".[81] This private data segment must be deciphered with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage company's internal information.[82]

SQR codes have been developed by the FORUS Foundation to enable secure transactions, and published under a Creative Commons Licence. The SQR solution guarantees the integrity of the source data as well as the validity of the originating party. The payment instruction string is made up of the electronic instruction data from the scanned QR code appended with a SHA-ii cryptographic hash. The message digest can then be encrypted using the private key of the sender, which then creates a digital signature of the bulletin. This signature validates the integrity of the data and the trustworthiness of the sender. This provides non-repudiation, confirming the identity of the sender, and that information technology has not been tampered with during transmission. By embedding the URL and all the variables required to perform shopping cart type e-commerce, nib payment and peer to peer payments, coupled with a digital certificate eliminates the possibility of spoofing, tampering, and human in the heart attacks. [83]

Frame QR [edit]

Frame QR is a QR code with a "canvas area" that tin can be flexibly used. In the middle of this lawmaking is the canvas area, where graphics, messages, and more than can exist flexibly arranged, making information technology possible to lay out the code without losing the design of illustrations, photos, etc.[84]

HCC2D [edit]

Samples of the High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) code: (a) 4-color HCC2D lawmaking and (b) 8-color HCC2D code.

Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored two-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for increasing data density (at this stage[ when? ] it is even so in prototyping phase). The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini et al. (2014),[85] while techniques for color classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and Italiano (2014),[86] which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).[87]

Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In detail, during QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes accept to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In guild to ensure accommodation to chromatic distortions which ascend in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because colour cells of a Color Palette Design are supposed to exist distorted in the same way equally color cells of the Encoding Region. Replicated color palettes are used for training machine learning classifiers.

JAB lawmaking [edit]

Wikipedia greetings with link encoded using 8 colour JAB code.

JAB code (Just Another Barcode) is a color 2d matrix symbology fabricated of color squares arranged in either square or rectangle grids. It was adult by Fraunhofer Institute Sit (Secure Information Technology).[88]

The lawmaking contains one chief symbol and optionally multiple secondary symbols. The chief symbol contains 4 finder patterns located at the corners of the symbol.[89]

The code uses either 4 or eight colours.[ninety] The 4 basic colours (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) are the four primary colours of the subtractive CMYK color model which is the most widely used system in industry for colour printing on a white base such as paper. The other 4 colours (blue, carmine, green, white) are secondary colours of the CMYK model and originate equally an equal mixture of a pair of basic colours.

The barcode is not discipline to licensing and was submitted to ISO standardization as ISO 23634 expected to be approved at the beginning of 2021[91] and finalized in 2022.[ninety] The software is open up-source and published under the LGPL v2.1 license.[92] The specification is freely bachelor.[89]

Because the colour adds a third dimension to the ii-dimensional matrix, a JAB lawmaking can contain more information in the same area compared to two-color (blackness and white) codes – theoretically twice as much data for a four colour code and three times more than for 8 colours assuming the aforementioned encoding algorithm. This can let storage of an entire message in the barcode, rather than just storing partial data with a reference to a total message somewhere else (such as a link to a website), thus eliminating the demand for additional always-bachelor infrastructure across the printed barcode itself. It may be used to digitally sign encrypted digital version of printed legal documents, contracts and certificates (diplomas, training), medical prescriptions or provide product authenticity assurance to increase protection against counterfeits.[90]

License [edit]

The use of QR code technology is freely licensed as long every bit users follow the standards for QR Code documented with JIS or ISO. Not-standardized codes may crave special licensing.[93]

Denso Wave owns a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to exercise them in a express fashion.[93] In lodge to promote widespread usage of the technology Denso Wave chose to waive its rights to a key patent in its possession for standardized codes but.[14] In the US, the granted QR code patent is US 5726435 , and in Nihon JP 2938338 , both of which take expired. The European Patent Office granted patent EP 0672994 to Denso Wave, which was so validated into French, UK, and German patents, all of which expired in March 2015.[94]

The text QR Lawmaking itself is a registered trademark and wordmark of Denso Moving ridge Incorporated.[95] In U.k., the trademark is registered as E921775, the discussion "QR Code", with a filing date of 03/09/1998.[96] The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed every bit Trademark 000921775, the give-and-take "QR Code", on 03/09/1998 and registered on half dozen/12/1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).[97] The U.Southward. Trademark for the give-and-take "QR Code" is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration appointment of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation.[98]

Risks [edit]

The only context in which common QR codes tin can carry executable data is the URL data type. These URLs may host JavaScript code, which tin can exist used to exploit vulnerabilities in applications on the host system, such as the reader, the web browser or the paradigm viewer, since a reader will typically ship the data to the application associated with the information blazon used by the QR code.

In the instance of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can still put a calculator'due south contents and user'south privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a portmanteau of "attack tagging".[99] They are hands created and tin be affixed over legitimate QR codes.[100] On a smartphone, the reader's permissions may permit utilize of the photographic camera, full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.[101] [102] [103]

Risks include linking to dangerous spider web sites with browser exploits, enabling the microphone/camera/GPS, and so streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions),[104] and sending email/SMS/IM messages or packets for DDoS as part of a botnet, corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity,[105] and even containing malicious logic themselves such every bit JavaScript[106] or a virus.[107] [108] These deportment could occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless spider web page.[109] In Russian federation, a malicious QR code caused phones that scanned it to transport premium texts at a fee of $6 each.[99] QR codes have besides been linked to scams in which stickers are placed on parking meters, posing as quick payment options, every bit seen in Austin, San Antonio and Boston, among other cities beyond the U.s. and Australia. [110] [111] [112]

Run into likewise [edit]

  • Aztec Code
  • Data Matrix
  • PDF417
  • QRpedia
  • SnapTag
  • SPARQCode
  • Touchatag

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Bibliography [edit]

  • BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. Information technology. Automatic identification and information capture techniques. Bar code symbology. QR Code. Geneva: ISO/IEC. 2000. p. 114. OCLC 60816353.
  • BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. It. Automatic identification and data capture techniques. QR Lawmaking 2005 bar code symbology specification. London: BSI. 2007. p. 126. ISBN978-0-580-67368-9. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2010.

External links [edit]

  • Reed Solomon Codes for Coders – an elaborate tutorial on Wikiversity, covering both QR code construction and the Reed Solomon codes used to encode the data.

shullthavier73.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code

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